The BBC and Master Computer Public Domain Library

A90D SIN

Submitted by Steve Fewell

Description:

Clear the carry flag - to indicate that the Sine result is required.
Continue to the COS routine (&A90E) to continue the calculation as follows.

Store the 6502 flags to the 6502 stack, so that the carry flag can be checked later.
Call routine &A93A to obtain the Floating-Point argument and calculate the Sine or Cosine value (the value returned
will be either COS or SIN - depending on the value of the Floating-Point argument.

Routine &A93A does the following:: * Call routine &96DA to obtain the value at the Text pointer B location (convert it to Float if it is; Integer or issue 'Type mismatch' error if it is a String value).; * If the FWA exponent (location &30) is more than or equal to #&98 then issue 'Accuracy lost' error; as the FWA value is too large to use to calculate the SIN/COS value.; * Store the FWA value to temporary Floating point value location &046C-&0470.; * Set the argument pointer (&4A-&4B) to &BF2E (which points to the Float value 1.57079633 in the; Floating-Point constant table).; * Call &A4E0 to unpack the Floating-Point constant at &BF2E (1.57079633, which is PI/2) to the FWB; * Store the FWA sign (location &2E) in the FWB sign byte (location &3B) so that the PI/2 value has; the same sign as the argument (the FWA value).; * Decrement the FWB exponent (location &3C) to divide the FWB value by 2 - so the FWB now contains the; value 0.785398165.; * Call routine &A692 to add the FWB value (PI/4) to the FWA value.; * Set A to #&33.; * Call routine &A9D4 to set the argument pointer (&4A-&4B) to &BF00 + A = &BF33 (which points to; the Float value 0.636619772 (which is 2/PI) in the Floating-Point constant table); and then multiply the FWA by the Float value pointed to by the argument pointer (&4A-&4B).; * Call routine &96C3 to convert the Float value (FWA) to an Integer and place the result in the IWA.; * Store A (the LSB of the IWA value - from location &2A) in location &49.; * If the Integer value (&2A-&2C) is zero then jump to &A98D (as the FWA value does not need to be; reduced to a value within the required range -(PI/4) to (PI/4) [i.e. -0.785398 to 0.785398]),; so [&A98D] load the FWA with the original Sine/Cosine argument (from location &046C-&0470).; * Otherwise, the FWA value is out of the Sine/Cosine range, and needs to be reduced, so:; * Call &8189 to convert the Integer value (IWA) to a Float and store the result in the temporary; Floating-point variable located at &0471-&0475.; * Then set the argp pointer (&4A-&4B) to pointer to &BF24 (which is the Floating-point constant; value -1.57080078) and multiply the FWA by this constant.; * Set the argp pointer (&4A-&4B) to point to the temporary Floating-point variable location &046C; (which is the original FWA Sine/Cosine argument value) and add the Floating-Point; value at &046C-&0470 to the FWA value.; * Store the result in temporary Floating-Point value location &046C-&0470.; * Set the FWA to the Floating-Point value stored at location &0471-&0475 (the IWA value).; * Set the argp pointer (&4A-&4B) to point to &BF29 (the address of the value 0.00000445445511; in the Floating-Point constant table).; * Multiply the FWA by the Floating-Point constant 0.00000445445511 (store the result in the FWA).; * Set the argp pointer (&4A-&4B) to &046C and add the Floating-Point value at &046C-&0470; to the FWA.; * Jump to &A990 to perform the Sine/Cosine calculation as the value is now within the required range.; * [A990] Store the FWA value (the actual Sine/Cosine argument, which has been reduced where necessary) to location; &0476-&047A.; * Multiply the FWA by the Floating-point value at &0476-&047A (i.e. square the FWA value).; * Set X to #&74 (i.e. the LSB of the first fraction to apply); * Set A to #&92 (i.e. the LSB of the default value (if the FWA value is too small to evaluate); * Set Y to #&02 (the number of continued-fraction expansion cycles to evaluate); * Call routine &A861 to evaluate the continued-fraction expansions, as follows:; * If the FWA exponent is less than #&40 then the FWA value is too small to evaluate, so exit with the; FWA set to the Floating-Point constant at &BF92 (i.e. 1.0).; * Calculate the reciple of the FWA value (FWA = 1/FWA) and store the result in the FWA and location; &046C-&0470; * Add the Floating-Point constant at &BF74 (-0.0119090311) to the FWA; * Cycle 1:; * Divide the Floating-Point constant at &BF79 (0.000107499459) by the FWA, storing the result in the FWA.; * Add the Floating-Point constant at &BF7E (-0.0171640246) to the FWA.; * Add the Reciple value (from location &046C-&0470) to the FWA.; * Cycle 2:; * Divide the Floating-Point constant at &BF83 (0.0013095369) by the FWA, storing the result in the FWA.; * Add the Floating-Point constant at &BF88 (0.0499999922) to the FWA.; * Add the Reciple value (from location &046C-&0470) to the FWA.; Last Cycle calculation:; * Divide the Floating-Point constant at &BF8D (-0.166666666) by the FWA, storing the result in the FWA.; * Add the Floating-Point constant at &BF92 (1.0) to the FWA.; * Multiply the FWA by the Temporary Floating-Point variable stored at location &0476-&047A (the argument; value).; * Exit with A = #&FF (as the result is a Floating-Point value in the FWA)

Now, the FWA contains either the Sine result or the Cosine result (which will have to be converted to the value
requested by the user).

Retrieve the carry flag value from the 6502 stack.
The carry flag is clear, indicating that a Sine result is required (therefore, the value at location &49 is not
incremented.

[&A923] If bit 0 of location &49 is clear (i.e. the original argument was an even value (in the case of Sine) - or
an odd value (in the case of Cosine)) then Set A to #&FF (to indicate that the result is a Floating-point value) and
[&A917] check the value in location &49 - if bit 1 is not set then complement the FWA value (FWA=-FWA) and exit;
otherwise, just exit.

Otherwise, bit 0 of location &49 is set (indicating that the original argument was odd (in the case of Sine) or even (in the case of Cosine); so, adjust the calculated result as follows:: * Square the FWA value (FWA = FWA * FWA),; * Subtract the FWA value from 1 (FWA=1.0-FWA) and; * Set the FWA value to the square root of the FWA (FWA=SQR(FWA)).

[&A917] check the value in location &49 - if bit 1 is not set then complement the FWA value (FWA=-FWA) and exit;
otherwise, just exit.

Example 1: SIN(1.5)

: Set &046C = 1.5 (the argument); Set FWB to 0.785398165 (PI/4); FWA = FWA + FWB = 2.285398; FWA = FWA * 0.636619772 = 1.4549294; ?&49 = 1 (Integer part of FWA value). FWA = IWA = 1; Store the FWA in &0471; FWA = FWA * -1.57080078 = -1.57080078; FWA = FWA + &046C = -0.07080078; Store FWA in &046C; Store &0471 (1) in FWA; FWA = FWA * 0.0000044544511 = 0.0000044544511; FWA = FWA + &046C = -0.0707963255; Store the FWA in &0476; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.0050121197; [&A861]: FWA = 1 / FWA = 199.51638; Store FWA in &046C; FWA = FWA + -0.0119090311 = 199.504474778; FWA = 0.000107499 / FWA = 0.00000005388; FWA = -0.017164024 + FWA = -0.017163485; FWA = &046C + FWA = 199.499216515; FWA = 0.0013095369 / FWA = 0.000006564; FWA = 0.04999999 + FWA = 0.050006554; FWA = &046C + FWA = 199.566387; FWA = -0.16666666 / FWA = -0.00083514; FWA = 1 + FWA = 0.999164856; FWA = FWA * &0476 = -0.070737200377; Location &49 contains the value 1; Bit 0 of &49 is set, so adjust the calculated value as follows:; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.005003751517; FWA = 1 - FWA = 0.9949962484828; FWA = SQR(FWA) = 0.99749498669558; Bit 1 of &49 is not set, so exit with FWA unchanged.

Example 2: SIN(-0.75)

: Set &046C = -0.75 (the argument); Set FWB to -0.785398165 -(PI/4); FWA = FWA + FWB = -1.535398165; FWA = FWA * 0.636619772 = -0.9774646; ?&49 = 0 (Integer part of FWA value). FWA = IWA = 0; [&A98D] As &49 is 0, store value at &046C in FWA = -0.75; Store the FWA in &0476; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.5625; [&A861]: FWA = 1 / FWA = 1.777777; Store FWA in &046C; FWA = FWA + -0.0119090311 = 1.7896868; FWA = 0.000107499 / FWA = 0.00006; FWA = -0.017164024 + FWA = -0.0171039; FWA = &046C + FWA = 1.7606737; FWA = 0.0013095369 / FWA = 0.0007437; FWA = 0.04999999 + FWA = 0.0507436; FWA = &046C + FWA = 1.8285213; FWA = -0.16666666 / FWA = -0.0911482; FWA = 1 + FWA = 0.9088517; FWA = FWA * &0476 = -0.6816387; Location &49 contains the value 0; Bits 0 and 1 of &49 are not set, so exit with FWA unchanged.

Example 3: SIN(0.0)

: Set &046C = 0.0 (the argument); Set FWB to 0.785398165 (PI/4); FWA = FWA + FWB = 0.785398165; FWA = FWA * 0.636619772 = 0.50000000; ?&49 = 0 (Integer part of FWA value). FWA = IWA = 0; [&A98D] As &49 is 0, store value at &046C in FWA = 0.0; Store the FWA in &0476; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.0; [&A861]: FWA = 1.0 (as argument is zero); FWA = FWA * &0476 = 0.0; Location &49 contains the value 0; Bits 0 and 1 of &49 are not set, so exit with FWA unchanged.

Example 4: SIN(0.25)

: Set &046C = 0.25 (the argument); Set FWB to 0.785398165 (PI/4); FWA = FWA + FWB = 1.0353982; FWA = FWA * 0.636619772 = 0.6591548; ?&49 = 0 (Integer part of FWA value). FWA = IWA = 0; [&A98D] As &49 is 0, store value at &046C in FWA = 0.25; Store the FWA in &0476; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.0625; [&A861]: FWA = 1 / FWA = 16; Store FWA in &046C; FWA = FWA + -0.0119090311 = 15.988091; FWA = 0.000107499 / FWA = 0.0000067; FWA = -0.0171640246 + FWA = -0.0171572; FWA = &046C + FWA = 15.982843; FWA = 0.0013095369 / FWA = 0.0000819; FWA = 0.04999999 + FWA = 0.0500818; FWA = &046C + FWA = 16.050082; FWA = -0.16666666 / FWA = -0.0103841; FWA = 1 + FWA = 0.9896158; FWA = FWA * &0476 = 0.2474039; Location &49 contains the value 0; Bits 0 and 1 of &49 are not set, so exit with FWA unchanged.

Example 5: SIN(2.41)

: Set &046C = 2.41 (the argument); Set FWB to 0.785398165 (PI/4); FWA = FWA + FWB = 3.195398; FWA = FWA * 0.636619772 = 2.0342533; ?&49 = 2 (Integer part of FWA value). FWA = IWA = 2; Store the FWA in &0471; FWA = FWA * -1.57080078 = -3.1416014; FWA = FWA + &046C = -0.7316014; Store FWA in &046C; Store &0471 (2) in FWA; FWA = FWA * 0.0000044544511 = 0.0000089; FWA = FWA + &046C = -0.7315924; Store the FWA in &0476; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.5352275; [&A861]: FWA = 1 / FWA = 1.8683641; Store FWA in &046C; FWA = FWA + -0.0119090311 = 1.8564551; FWA = 0.000107499 / FWA = 0.0000057; FWA = -0.017164024 + FWA = -0.0171583; FWA = &046C + FWA = 1.8512058; FWA = 0.0013095369 / FWA = 0.0007073; FWA = 0.04999999 + FWA = 0.0507072; FWA = &046C + FWA = 1.9190714; FWA = -0.16666666 / FWA = -0.0868475; FWA = 1 + FWA = 0.9131524; FWA = FWA * &0476 = -0.6680554; Location &49 contains the value 2; Bit 0 of &49 is not set, so no need to adjust the calculated value; Bit 1 of &49 is set, so FWA = - FWA = 0.6680554

Example 6: SIN(5.63)

: Set &046C = 5.63 (the argument); Set FWB to 0.785398165 (PI/4); FWA = FWA + FWB = 6.415398; FWA = FWA * 0.636619772 = 4.0841688; ?&49 = 4 (Integer part of FWA value). FWA = IWA = 4; Store the FWA in &0471; FWA = FWA * -1.57080078 = -6.2832028; FWA = FWA + &046C = -0.6532028; Store FWA in &046C; Store &0471 (4) in FWA; FWA = FWA * 0.0000044544511 = 0.0000178; FWA = FWA + &046C = -0.6531849; [&A990] Store the FWA in &0476; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.4266506; [&A861]: FWA = 1 / FWA = 2.3438381; Store FWA in &046C; FWA = FWA + -0.0119090311 = 2.3319291; FWA = 0.000107499 / FWA = 0.000046; FWA = -0.017164024 + FWA = -0.0171179; FWA = &046C + FWA = 2.3267202; FWA = 0.0013095369 / FWA = 0.0056282; FWA = 0.04999999 + FWA = 0.0556281; FWA = &046C + FWA = 2.3994662; FWA = -0.16666666 / FWA = -0.0694598; FWA = 1 + FWA = 0.9305401; FWA = FWA * &0476 = -0.6078147; Location &49 contains the value 4; Bits 0 and 1 of &49 are not set, so exit with FWA unchanged.

Example 7: SIN(90)

: Set &046C = 90 (the argument); Set FWB to 0.785398165 (PI/4); FWA = FWA + FWB = 90.785398; FWA = FWA * 0.636619772 = 57.795773; ?&49 = 57 (Integer part of FWA value). FWA = IWA = 57; Store the FWA in &0471; FWA = FWA * -1.57080078 = -89.53564; FWA = FWA + &046C = 0.4643601; Store FWA in &046C; Store &0471 (57) in FWA; FWA = FWA * 0.0000044544511 = 0.0002539; FWA = FWA + &046C = 0.464614; Store the FWA in &0476; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.2158661; [&A861]: FWA = 1 / FWA = 4.6324998; Store FWA in &046C; FWA = FWA + -0.0119090311 = 4.6205908; FWA = 0.000107499 / FWA = 0.0000023; FWA = -0.017164024 + FWA = -0.0171616; FWA = &046C + FWA = 4.6153381; FWA = 0.0013095369 / FWA = 0.0002837; FWA = 0.04999999 + FWA = 0.0502836; FWA = &046C + FWA = 4.6827834; FWA = -0.16666666 / FWA = -0.0355913; FWA = 1 + FWA = 0.9644086; FWA = FWA * &0476 = 0.4480777; Location &49 contains the value 57 (0011 1001); Bit 0 of &49 is set, so adjust the calculated value as follows:; FWA = FWA * FWA = 0.2007736; FWA = 1 - FWA = 0.7992263; FWA = SQR(FWA) = 0.8939945; Bit 1 of &49 is not set, so exit with FWA unchanged.

This diagram shows the relationship between the trig functions.

Disassembly for the SIN routine

A90D		024	18	CLC
A90E				...COS routine...